GEODESIC DOME HOMES
compiled by Dee Finney

A LARGE ET-type DOME HOME
Extreme environmental forces compel us to incorporate extreme building solutions. Domes resist a variety of assaults by Mother Nature. The dome structure is impervious to tornadoes, landslides, avalanches, earthquakes, fires, snow and ice storms. Even the tsunami of 2004 has spawned an avid interest in utilizing more domes as the destroyed areas are rebuilt.
When repetitive hurricanes struck their home, Mark and Valerie Sigler responded by building a monolithic dome structure. Studies at Idaho State University determined the Dome of a Home will withstand 500 + mile an hour winds. Its curved shape and massive weight resist storm surge damage. These qualities combined with an absence of a roof to be compromised makes the dome extremely hurricane resistant.
EXTERIOR CONSTRUCTION PHOTOS: http://www.domeofahome.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=559
INTERIOR CONSTRUCTION PHOTOS:
http://www.domeofahome.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=3368
PRODUCTS USED IN HOME:
http://www.domeofahome.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=7057
OTHER DOMES: http://www.domeofahome.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=14910
By planting the domes into the mountainside, they
become immune to Mother Nature's attacks. The shape is strong and not
vulnerable to the weight of avalanches, landslides, or snow and ice
build up. The strength of the dome shape also makes it impervious to
earthquakes. With the appropriate Hepa-filter system and fire resistant
coating, a dome’s occupants could likely survive a raging forest fire.
Dragon Speed Design Group’s goal is to create beautiful, functional
structures that embrace their environment and its challenges. The creation of
enduring architecture springs from passion and curiosity. We create homes that
are light-filled, proportionate, and durably crafted. The designs are guided by
the character, texture, and rhythms of the surrounding landscape. Our balanced
interiors offer calming sanctuaries from the rigors of everyday life while
honoring our clients' individual possessions. Truly exceptional homes are the
result of consistent communication, dedication, and integrity.
The long-term mission of the Dragon Speed Design Group is to establish a proven
model of compatibility between human settlement and the conservation of natural
resources and landscape.
DRAGON SPEED DESIGN GROUP CONTACT INFORMATION
Valerie 850.723.5107
information@dragonspeeddesigngroup.com
The acre is a unit of area in a number of different systems, including the imperial and U.S. customary systems. The most commonly used acres today are the international acre and, in the United States, the survey acre. The most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land.
One acre comprises 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet[1]. While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends on which yard it is based on. Originally, an acre was understood as a selion of land sized at one furlong (660 ft) long and one chain (66 ft) wide; this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land an ox could plough in one day. A square enclosing one acre is approximately 208 feet and 9 inches (63.6 metres) on a side. But as a unit of measure an acre has no prescribed shape; any perimeter enclosing 43,560 square feet is an acre in size.
The acre is often used to express areas of land. In the metric system, the hectare is commonly used for the same purpose. An acre is approximately 40% of a hectare.
One acre is 90.75 percent of a 53.33-yard-wide American football field. The full field, including the end zones, covers approximately 1.32 acres (0.53 ha). It may also be remembered as 44,000 square feet, less 1%; or as the product of 66 x 660.


Dome in Sedona area
I was greeted warmly and an even friendlier conversation was begun. I explained that I had seen the house while driving by and wanted to take a closer look. The friendly owner then invited me inside to explain more about it.
The invitation was accepted and a very interesting story followed about low building costs, the romance of living off grid and a low energy consumption. Towards the sunny side, the south, there was a large window of which a low standing winter sun is capable of shining through, but not a high summer sun. This way the dome house barely required heating during the winter and in summertime, the air conditioning is barely needed. I was astounded by the simplicity of this technique and its results.

| "One can live anywhere and incorporate this holistic and beneficial system for living and honoring the earth. Friends and visitors have come for all over the world to see and experience my futuristic way of living. the masonry dome's superior strength offers a balance and blending of today's life style and future integrity. | |
| Dome shaped structures focus
life energy into their occupants, thereby positively influencing
their lives. Recognizing the fact that not all humans are square
shaped, Masonry Domes specializes in building domes as a home
alternative, typically on land suited to alternative living. Masonry
Domes specializes in wind and solar powered structures, eliminating
the need to hook into the power grid. Mason currently lives in an earth friendly solar and wind powered, dome home he built in the Bear Mountain development, Sedona, Arizona. |
| Click here To E Mail Mason Phone: 928-300-7352 Address: 320 Bear Mountain Rd. Sedona, AZ 86336 |
CHURCHES http://www.monolithic.com/topics/churches

This is a monestery for http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Maitreya_Sangha_Monastery/


BOTANICAL GARDENS
The Climatron greenhouse at Missouri Botanical Gardens,
I am interested in living in a circular or dome shaped home. I like the idea of not living in a box. I researched the concept and found that there were companies that constructed geodesic and dome homes. The problem came when trying to figure out if a city or county would permit the building of a non-traditional home.
Depending where you live in the United States, it could be an uphill fight. Even if you could prove that the home was built to withstand hurricane, fire, or earthquake conditions, it could be denied a permit. If the structure was not in the building codes book or there was no one on staff capable of evaluating the viability, it wasn't going to be built.

by Paolo Solen
If I somehow made it past code enforcement bureaucrats then there would be the neighbors. You can't forget about the NIMBYs, - not in my back yard, city or county people who want to maintain the area as they currently know it. NIMBYs do have the right to speak up about anything that could affect the value in their homes.
Home owners certainly should have a say as to the look of their environment or to maintain a stylistic cultural heritage. Yet there are times when NIMBYs can be as dogmatic as a political bureaucrat; no change unless it is in my direct vested interest to do so.
Environmentally speaking, holding on to traditional building techniques can be dangerous. No, I'm not talking about climate change.
I'm talking about building square and rectangular wood homes in areas know for fires. Or building a home on stilts next to the ocean is not such a good idea. Not to say that you can't build a home near a coastline but the needs of the environment should probably take more precedence than design considerations.
Yet we continue to re-build the same old boxes. It is very easy to find video of people vowing to rebuild their homes exactly as they were before the tremblers, tornados and storms of the century. Do we really need to make the same mistakes over and over again?
BEAUTIFUL DOME - VIDEO - http://planetgreen.discovery.com/videos/worlds-greenest-homes-the-dome-home.html

BOTANICAL GARDENS
The
Montreal Biosphère, formerly the American Pavilion of
Expo 67,
by
R. Buckminster Fuller, on
Île Sainte-Hélène,
Montreal,
Canada
According to the Living with Nature web site:
We define sustainable architecture (often referred to as "green" architecture) as buildings that incorporate materials and practices that, at a minimum, have lower impact on the environment than conventional materials and practices.

DOME EXERCISE SPACE
Carina at CUNY Institute for Sustainable Cities blog gave me a glimpse into why the buildings fell as the did in Haiti:
Much of the built environment was lacking structurally sound components. Buildings with too much sand in the concrete mix were the norm. Reinforcement beams were scarce.
As a person who lives in earthquake country, I understand about retrofitting, re-enforcement and being aware of a building's composition. You really pay attention when the freeway near you shows a crack or two more than you think necessary. I don’t want to imagine a place where human lives were traded for short term financial advantage. Sadly, I don’t have to, that is the reality.
Carina's focus of her post was on building upon the solar energy potential of Haiti and transitioning from petroleum usages when possible. There is an opportunity to build according to the needs of the island and the environment.
Carina’s post also introduced me to Architecture for Humanity.
I do not want to make light of the enormous reconstruction that will have to occur in Haiti. Given a choice, a square roof will do much better than no roof at all. There are also governmental pressures and predatory opportunists to contend within the mist of that situation.
Still, my heart leans toward the dreamers that create. Maybe we can put some of the questions off to the side and be willing to see a different path. Not a quick fix but a plan that respects the environment, the people and the vision.
I’m ready. How about you?

EPCOT CENTER
Anne Thorpe of Design Activism writes about how design can be used to move folks closer to reduced consumption and re-visioning use.
Marjanne Pearson at Next Moon blog deals with design ideas as it pertains to architects, engineers and marketing concerns.
Gena Haskett is a BlogHer CE. Blogs:Out On

ANOTHER BIOSPHERE CENTER
A geodesic dome is a spherical or partial-spherical shell structure or lattice shell based on a network of great circles (geodesics) lying on the surface of a sphere. The geodesics intersect to form triangular elements that have local triangular rigidity and also distribute the stress across the entire structure. When completed to form a complete sphere, it is known as a geodesic sphere. The term "dome" refers to an enclosed structure and should not be confused with non-enclosed geodesic structures such as geodesic climbers found on playgrounds.
Typically the design of a geodesic dome begins with an icosahedron inscribed in a sphere, tiling each triangular face with smaller triangles, then projecting the vertices of each tile to the sphere. The endpoints of the links of the completed sphere would then be the projected endpoints on the sphere's surface. If this is done exactly, each of the edges of the sub-triangles is a slightly different length, so it would require a very large number of links of different sizes. To minimize the number of different sizes of links, various simplifications are made. The result is a compromise consisting of a pattern of triangles with their vertices lying approximately on the surface of the sphere. The edges of the triangles form approximate geodesic paths over the surface of the dome that distribute its weight.
Geodesic designs can be used to form any curved, enclosed space. Oddly-shaped designs would require calculating for and custom building of each individual strut, vertex or panel—resulting in potentially expensive construction. Because of the expense and complexity of design and fabrication of any geodesic dome, builders have tended to standardize using a few basic designs.
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Similar non-geodesic structures may be based upon the pattern of edges and vertices of certain platonic solids, or upon various expansions of these called Johnson solids. Such structures may be composed of struts of uniform length while having faces other than triangles such as pentagons or squares, or these faces may be subdivided by struts of other than the basic length. Plans and licenses for such structures derived from licenses of the Fuller patents were produced during the 1970s by Zomeworks (now a manufacturer of solar trackers). Both geodesic and non-geodesic structures can be derived similarly from the archimedean solids and catalan solids.
The building of strong stable structures out of patterns of reinforcing triangles is most commonly seen in tent design. It has been applied in the abstract in other industrial design, but even in management science and deliberative structures as a conceptual metaphor, especially in the work of Stafford Beer, whose transmigration method is based so specifically on dome design that only fixed numbers of people can take part in the process at each deliberation stage.

DOME AS PART OF THE LANDSCAPE
The first dome that could be called "geodesic" in every respect was designed just after World War I by Walther Bauersfeld,[1] chief engineer of the Carl Zeiss optical company, for a planetarium to house his new planetarium projector. The dome was patented, constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Zeiss plant in Jena, Germany, and opened to the public in July 1926.[2] Some 30 years later, R. Buckminster Fuller named the dome "geodesic" from field experiments with artist Kenneth Snelson at Black Mountain College in 1948 and 1949. Snelson and Fuller worked together in developing what they termed "tensegrity," an engineering principle of continuous tension and discontinuous compression that allowed domes to deploy a lightweight lattice of interlocking icosahedrons that could be skinned with a protective cover. Although Fuller was not the original inventor, he developed the intrinsic mathematics of the dome, thereby allowing popularization of the idea — for which he received a U.S. patent in 1954.[3]
The geodesic dome appealed to Fuller because it was extremely strong for its weight, its "omnitriangulated" surface provided an inherently stable structure, and because a sphere encloses the greatest volume for the least surface area. Fuller hoped that the geodesic dome would help address the postwar housing crisis. This was consistent with his prior hopes for both versions of the Dymaxion House.
However, from a practical perspective, geodesic constructions have some disadvantages. They have a very large number of edges in comparison with more conventional structures which have just a few large flat surfaces. Each of the edges must be prevented from leaking, which can be quite challenging for a geodesic structure. Also, spaces enclosed within curved boundaries tend to be less usable than spaces enclosed within flat boundaries. (Since it would be impractical to produce sofas with every possible curved shape, they are normally constructed along straight lines, and so leave wasted space when placed in a curved space.)
The dome was successfully adopted for specialized industrial use, such as the 1958 Union Tank Car Company dome near Baton Rouge, Louisiana and specialty buildings like the Kaiser Aluminum domes (constructed in numerous locations across the US, e.g., Virginia Beach, VA), auditoriums, weather observatories, and storage facilities. The dome was soon breaking records for covered surface, enclosed volume, and construction speed. According to a WAFB-TV of Baton Rouge news report on November 27, 2007, the Union Tank Car Company Dome has been demolished.
Leveraging the geodesic dome's stability, the US Air Force experimented with helicopter-deliverable units.
The dome was introduced to a wider audience as a pavilion for the 1964 World's Fair in New York City. This dome is now used as an aviary by the Queens Zoo in Flushing Meadows Corona Park.
Another dome is from Expo 67 the Montreal, Canada World's Fair as part of the American Pavilion. The structure's covering later burned, but the structure itself still stands and, under the name Biosphère, currently houses an interpretive museum about the Saint Lawrence River.
During the 1970s, the Cinesphere dome was built at the Ontario Place amusement park in Toronto, Canada. During 1975, a dome was constructed at the South Pole, where its resistance to snow and wind loads is important.
Residential geodesic domes have been less successful than those used for working and/or entertainment, largely because of their complexity and consequent greater construction costs. Fuller himself lived in a geodesic dome in Carbondale, Illinois, at the corner of Forest and Cherry [1]. Residential domes have not become as popular as Fuller hoped. He thought of residential domes as air-deliverable products manufactured by an aerospace-like industry. Fuller's dome home still exists, and a group called RBF Dome NFP is attempting to restore the dome and have it registered as a National Historic Landmark.

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The mathematical object "chord" of the "geodesic sphere" corresponds to the structural "strut" of the physical "geodesic dome". The general definition of a chord is a (straight) line segment joining two points on a curve. For simple geodesic domes we recognize the associated curve to be the surface of a sphere. Here is how chords of geodesic spheres are generated. We first choose an underlying polyhedron with equal triangle faces. The regular icosahedron is most popular. The sphere we use is specifically the "circumscribing sphere" that contains the points (vertices) of the underlying polyhedron. The desired frequency of the subsequent geodesic sphere or dome is the number of parts or segments into which a side (edge) of the underlying polyhedral triangle is subdivided. The frequency has historically been denoted by the Greek letter "ν" (nu). By connecting like points along the subdivided sides we produce a natural triangular grid of segments inside each underlying triangle face. Each segment of the grid is then projected as a "chord" onto the surface of the circumscribing sphere. The technical definition of a chord factor is the ratio of the chord length to the radius of the circumscribing sphere. It is therefore convenient to think of the circumscribing sphere as scaled to radius = 1 in which "chord factors" are the same as "chord lengths" (decimal numbers less than one).
For geodesic spheres a well-known formula for calculating any "chord factor" is
chord factor = 2 Sin (θ / 2) where θ is the corresponding angle of arc for the given chord, that is, the "central angle" spanned by the chord with respect to the center of the circumscribing sphere. Determining the central angle usually requires some non-trivial spherical geometry.
In Geodesic Math and How to Use It
Hugh
Kenner writes, "Tables of chord factors, containing as they do the
essential design information for spherical systems, were for many years
guarded like military secrets. As late as 1966, some 3ν icosa figures
from
Popular Science Monthly were all anyone outside the circle of Fuller
licensees had to go on." (page 57, 1976 edition). Other tables became
available with publication of Lloyd Kahn's Domebook 1 (1970) and
Domebook 2 (1971). With advent of personal computers, the mathematics
became more solvable. Rick Bono's Dome software outputs a script that
can be used with the
POV-ray
raytrace to produce 3D pictures of domes. Domes based on the frameworks
of different underlying polyhedra along with various methods for subdividing
them will produce quite different results. Mathematical formulas developed
by Peter W. Messer for calculating chord factors and
dihedral angles for the general geodesic sphere appear in the Appendix
of the 1999 Dover edition of
Spherical Models by
Magnus J. Wenninger.

Wooden domes have a hole drilled in the width of a strut. A stainless steel band locks the strut's hole to a steel pipe. With this method, the struts may be cut to the exact length needed. Triangles of exterior plywood are then nailed to the struts. The dome is wrapped from the bottom to the top with several stapled layers of tar paper, in order to shed water, and finished with shingles. This type of dome is often called a hub-and-strut dome because of the use of steel hubs to tie the struts together.
Panelized domes are constructed of separately-framed timbers covered in plywood. The three members comprising the triangular frame are often cut at compound angles in order to provide for a flat fitting of the various triangles. Holes are drilled through the members at precise locations and steel bolts then connect the triangles to form the dome. These members are often 2x4's or 2x6's, which allow for more insulation to fit within the triangle. The panelized technique allows the builder to attach the plywood skin to the triangles while safely working on the ground or in a comfortable shop out of the weather. This method does not require expensive steel hubs.
Temporary greenhouse domes have been constructed by stapling plastic sheeting onto a dome constructed from one-inch square beams. The result is warm, movable by hand in sizes less than 20 feet, and cheap. It should be staked to the ground to prevent it being moved by wind.
Steel-framework domes can be easily constructed of electrical conduit. One flattens the end of a strut and drills bolt holes at the needed length. A single bolt secures a vertex of struts. The nuts are usually set with removable locking compound, or if the dome is portable, have a castle nut with a cotter pin. This is the standard way to construct domes for jungle-gyms.
Concrete and foam plastic domes generally start with a steel framework dome, wrapped with chicken wire and wire screen for reinforcement. The chicken wire and screen is tied to the framework with wire ties. A coat of material is then sprayed or molded onto the frame. Tests should be performed with small squares to achieve the correct consistency of concrete or plastic. Generally, several coats are necessary on the inside and outside. The last step is to saturate concrete or polyester domes with a thin layer of epoxy compound to shed water.
Some concrete domes have been constructed from prefabricated, prestressed, steel-reinforced concrete panels that can be bolted into place. The bolts are within raised receptacles covered with little concrete caps to shed water. The triangles overlap to shed water. The triangles in this method can be molded in forms patterned in sand with wooden patterns, but the concrete triangles are usually so heavy that they must be placed with a crane. This construction is well-suited to domes because there is no place for water to pool on the concrete and leak through. The metal fasteners, joints and internal steel frames remain dry, preventing frost and corrosion damage. The concrete resists sun and weathering. Some form of internal flashing or caulking must be placed over the joints to prevent drafts. The 1963 Cinerama Dome was built from precast concrete hexagons and pentagons.
In 1986 a patent for a dome construction technique involving EPS triangles laminated to reinforced concrete on the outside, and wallboard on the inside was awarded to American Ingenuity of Rockledge Florida. The construction technique allows the domes to be prefabricated in kit form and erected by a homeowner. This method makes the seams into the strongest part of the structure, where the seams and especially the hubs in most wooden-framed domes are the weakest point in the structure. It also has the advantage of being watertight.
Many geodesic domes built are still in use. According to the Buckminster Fuller Institute,[4] the world's ten largest geodesic domes are

Fuller invented the Geodesic Dome in the late 1940s to demonstrate some ideas about housing and ``energetic-synergetic geometry'' which he had developed during WWII. This invention built on his two decade old quest to improve the housing of humanity. It represents a brilliant demonstration of his synergetics principles; and in the right circumstances it could solve some of the pressing housing problems of today (a housing crisis which Fuller predicted back in 1927).

[From Robert T. Bowers' paper on Domes last posted to GEODESIC in
1989.]
A geodesic dome is a type of structure shaped like a piece of a sphere or a
ball. This structure is comprised of a complex network of triangles that form a
roughly spherical surface. The more complex the network of triangles, the more
closely the dome approximates the shape of a true sphere [sic].
By using triangles of various sizes, a sphere can be symmetrically divided by
thirty-one great circles. A great circle is the largest circle that can be drawn
around a sphere, like the lines of latitude [ED: he means longitude]
around the earth, or the equator. Each of these lines divide the sphere into two
halves, hence the term geodesic, which is from the Latin meaning ``earth
dividing.''
[From Mitch Amiano]
The dome is a structure with the highest ratio of enclosed area to external surface area, and in which all structural members are equal contributors to the whole. There are many sizes of triangles in a geodesic [ED: dome], depending on the frequency of subdivision of the underlying spherical polyhedron. The cross section of a geodesic [ED: dome] approximates a great-circle line.
[From Pat Salsbury]
Well, the structures weigh less when completed because of the air-mass inside the dome. When it's heated warmer than the outside air, it has a net lifting effect (like a hot-air balloon).
This is almost unnoticeable in smaller structures, like houses, but, as with other things about geodesics, being as they're based upon spheres, the effect increases geometrically with size. So you'd be able to notice it in a sports stadium, and a sphere more than a half mile in diameter would be able to float in the air with only a 1 degree F difference in temperature!
[From Randy Burns.]
Underground concrete domes are rather interesting
1) They can use chemical sealing and landscaping to avoid leakage problems associated with wooden domes.
2) They are extremely strong. Britz [see
Dome References for more on Britz]
has obtained extremely low insurance rates on his structures. The insurance
company tested one building by driving a D8 Caterpillar tractor on top of the
house!
3) There's little hassle involved in dealing with materials that were really standardized for use building boxes. The only specialized tools are the forms, everything else can easily be used off the shelf.
4) They can be quite aesthetic. Britz has shown that you can build developments where the houses can't really see each other.
5) They are cheap and easy to heat, cheap enough that you can build a much larger structure than you might using conventional housing and use standard room divider technology to split the thing up into room.
[Keyed in by Patrick G. Salsbury.]
The following is quoted from ``Scientific American'' in the September 1989 issue. (Pages 102-104)
Surpassing the Buck (Geometry decrees a new dome)
``I started with the universe--as an organization of energy systems of which all our experiences and possible experiences are only local instances. I could have ended up with a pair of flying slippers.'' -R. Buckminster Fuller
Buckminster Fuller never did design a pair of flying slippers. Yet he became famous for an invention that seemed almost magical: the geodesic dome, an assemblage of triangular trusses that grows stronger as it grows larger. Some dispute that Fuller originated the geodesic dome; in Science a la Mode, physicist and author Tony Rothman argues that the Carl Zeiss Optical Company built and patented the first geodesic dome in Germany during the 1920's. Nevertheless, in the wake of Fuller's 1954 patent, thousands of domes sprung up as homes and civic centers--even as caps on oil-storage tanks. Moreover, in a spirit that Fuller would have heartily applauded, hundreds of inventors have tinkered with dome designs, looking for improved versions. Now one has found a way to design a completely different sort of dome.
In May, J. Craig Yacoe, a retired engineer, won patent number 4,825,602 for a ``geotangent dome,'' made up of pentagons and hexagons, that promises to be more versatile that its geodesic predecessor. Since Fuller's dome is based on a sphere, cutting it anywhere but precisely along its equator means that the triangles at the bottom will tilt inward or outward. In contrast, Yacoe's dome, which has a circular base, follows the curve of an ellipsoid. Builders can consequently pick the dimensions they need, Yacoe Says. And his design ensures that the polygons at the base of his dome always meet the ground at right angles, making it easier to build than a geodesic dome. He hopes these features will prove a winning combination.
Although Fuller predicted that a million domes would be built by the mid-1980's, the number is closer to 50,000. Domes are nonetheless still going up in surprising places. A 265-foot-wide geodesic dome is part of a new pavilion at Walt Disney World's Epcot Center in Florida. A bright blue 360-foot-high dome houses a shopping center in downtown Ankara, Turkey. Stockholm, Sweden, boasts a 280-foot-high dome enclosing a new civic center.
Dome design is governed by some basic principles. A sphere can be covered with precisely 20 equilateral triangles; for a geodesic dome, those triangles are carved into smaller ones of different sizes. But to cover a sphere or ellipsoid with various sizes of pentagons and hexagons required another technique, Yacoe says.
Yacoe eventually realized that he could build a dome of polygonal panels guided by the principle that one point on each side of every panel had to be tangent to (or touch) an imaginary circumscribed dome. With the assistance of William E. Davis, a retired mathematician, he set out to describe the problem mathematically.
They began with a ring of at least six congruent pentagons wrapped around the equator of an imaginary ellipse. The task: find the lengths of the sides and the interior angles of the polygons that form the next ring.
To do so for an ellipsoidal dome, they imagined inscribing an ellipse inside each polygon. Each ellipse touched another at one point; at these points, the sides of the polygons would also be tangent to a circumscribed ellipsoid. But where, precisely, should the points be located? Yacoe and Davis guessed, then plugged the numbers into equations that describe ellipses and intersecting planes. Aided by a personal computer, they methodically tested many guesses until the equations balanced. Using the tangent points, Yacoe and Davis could then calculate the dimensions and interior angles of the corresponding polygons and so build the next ring of the dome.
After receiving the patent, Yacoe promptly set up a consulting firm to license his patents. He says dome-home builders have shown considerable interest, as has Spitz, Inc., a maker of planetariums located near Yacoe in Chadds Ford, Pa. Yacoe has also proposed that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration consider a geotangent structure as part of a space station. -E.C.
asemon@esu.edu (Alan Semon) writes: >I was once interested in the idea of living in a geodesic dome home and, >to the best of my recollection, these are some of the advantages: > >1. Heating and cooling the home become more efficient due to the fact >that there are fewer (even no) corners where heat may be trapped. The >overall air flow in a dome is substantially better than in a >conventionally constructed home (straight walls and such). > ...and there is less surface area per square foot of living space = less heat loss. >2. Many dome home designs allow the option of using larger lumber for >the dome. 2x6's or 2x8's instead of the usual 2x4's, although this is >an option in ANY home, it seems to be more commonly done in dome home >construction. > Although for many areas of the US, there is no financial advantage to using 2x6 construction. A dome with R-14 throughout can outperform a well insulated conventional house of comparable S/F. >3. For those solar minded people, the placement of the solar collectors >on the ``roof'' is less critical due to the curved nature of the top of >the structure. > >4. The inherent strength of the dome makes it suitable for either >earth-bermed or even earth covered construction techniques. In the case >of more common construction techniques, the structural members' >dimensions usually need to be completely reworked in order to carry the >extra weight. > >5. Hell, they _LOOK_ pretty neat! This might be a problem in certain >areas which one of those laws which say that all homes in an area _MUST_ >conform to certain guidelines concerning their architecture (bummer, >huh? :-)). -jg
[Based in part on a Brewer Eddy post]
The curved walls in a dome require either custom furnishings, 100% prefab design, or an ``open spaces'' approach. Each of these would be an advantage or disadvantage in one person's eyes or another's.
Mass producing domes is easy, greatly reduces the cost and could solve many of the housing shortage problems worldwide (especially emergency housing needs).
[Kerri Brochard][From Tom Dosemagen]
I have a dome and tried to find solar panels to be installed on the dome. I had no luck finding such a beast so I installed 320 square feet of panels on the ground close to the dome and ran all connections under ground into the basement. I live in south central Wisconsin and my experience with solar is not the greatest. My system works fine, but in order for the system to work the sun has to shine. That doesn't happen a lot here until late February or early March. My advice to people in our part of country is to take the money you were going to spend on solar and invest it. Then take your interest money and pay for conventional heat. My dome is 44 feet in diameter and with a 90% efficient furnace and my total heating bill for one season is right around $350.00. My exterior walls are framed with 2x6's. With thicker dome walls I'm sure that I could lower my heating costs by quite a bit.
[From Kirby Urner.]
The edges of a geodesic dome are not all the same length. The angstrom measurements between neighboring carbon atoms in a fullerene are likewise not equal.
Domes come in three Classes (I, II and III). The classification system has to do with laying an equilateral triangle down on a grid of smaller equilateral triangles, lining up corners with corners -- either aligning the triangle with the grid (I), turning it 90 degrees to bisect grid triangles (II), or rotating it discretely to have it cut skewly across the grid (III).
20 of these triangles make an icosahedron which is then placed within a circumscribing sphere. The vertexes of the triangles' internal points, defined by the grid pattern, define radii with the circumscribing sphere's center. By pushing each vertex further out along the segments so defined, until each is made equidistant from the center, an omnitriangulated geodesic sphere is formed (orthonormal projection I think cartographers call this). Again, resulting surface edge lengths are not all the same length. The resulting mesh will always contain 12 sets of 5 triangles organized into pentagons, the rest into hexagons.
The Class I version of the algorithm above always creates 20F^2 surface facets where F=1 gives the icosahedron itself. The external point population will be 10F^2+2. Since points plus facets = edges plus 2 (Euler), you will get 30F^2 edges. F is what Fuller called the Frequency of the geodesic sphere and, in the Class I case, corresponds to the number of grid intervals along any one of the 20 triangle edges.
Note: ``buckyballs'' in the sense of ``fullerenes'' are not omnitriangulated (the edges internal to the 12 pentagons and n hexagons have been removed) and come in infinitely more varieties than the above algorithm allows. The above algorithm is limited to generating point groups with icosahedral symmetry -- a minority of the fullerenes are symmetrical in this way, although C60, the most prevalent, is a derivative of the Class I structure.
[From Ben Williams] Andrew Norris writes: >1/ Given a dodecahedron with the edges of length unity, what is > the radius of the sphere that would enclose this body? > >2/ For the above case, construct each pentagon out of triangles. > What are the angles required so that new center-node of the > pentagon just touches the enclosing sphere?This is just a 2 frequency (what-is-referred-to-in-Domebook II-as) triacon geodesic sphere. Funny you should mention that: Back in June when I first discovered this newsgroup, I got reinterested in my old hobby of building mathematical models (and R B Fuller as well). So I went through the laborious process of calculating the strut lengths to build a 2v triacon sphere (what you just described above) out of toothpicks. I have it hanging up over my monitor right now. I wish I could show how I used geometry and such to figure all the necessary lengths out. What I do is start out with a drawing of a dodecahedron projected onto a plane -- if it is oriented correctly, you will get a 2-d figure that you can use to deduce the information you want from it. (To get this figure, think of a dodecahedron made out of struts (such as toothpicks) standing on one of its edges on a sheet of paper out in the sun with the sun directly overhead. The shadow on the paper will be this figure.) These are the lengths I derived
E = length of edge of dodecahedron Distance of edge of dodecahedron from center:
Er = ( (3 + sqrt(5))/4 ) * E
1/2 distance between non-adjacent vertices of face of dodecahedron:
b = ( (sqrt(5)+1)/4 ) * E
given a face of dodecahedron, distance between vertex and opposite edge:
h = ( ( sqrt(5 + 2*sqrt(5)) ) / 2 ) * E
distance from center of dodecahedron to one of its vertices (your question 1):
R = sqrt((9 + 3*sqrt(5))/8) * E
given a face of dodecahedron, distance from its center to an edge:
l = b/h * Er
distance from center of face of dodecahedron to center of dodecahedron:
m = Er/h * Er
given face of dodecahedron, distance from center to vertex:
t = h-l
length of one of those struts going from a vertex of dodecahedron up to point
above center of face but on the enclosing sphere:
S = sqrt(t^2 + (R-m)^2)
Now, to derive the angles of one of those triangles whose side lengths I have just determined, you would need to do this:
A1 = 2 * arcsin ((E/2)/S)
This is the angle of the top corners of the 5 triangles which are arched above one of the faces of the dodecahedron. My calculator gives me this angle in degrees: 67.66866319 Notice it is slightly less than the 72 degrees it would be if they were flat on the face of the dodecahedron. Now the other two angles of each of the triangles are simply derived via:
A2 and A3 = (180 - A1) / 2
I get a value of 56.1656684 degrees for these two angles.
On Sat, 18 Dec 1993 03:11:53 GMT <scimatec5@UOFT02.UTOLEDO.EDU> said:
>Hey all,
> A while back I asked about calculating chord factors. I found the
>equation that without which I don't think I could have done it (by the way I
>was successful)-- it's a formula for calculating w/any spherical right
>triangle. The formula is sin a = sin A * sin c.
> A
> / |
> c / |b
> / |
> / |
> B--a--C
>I'm sure you're all familiar w/it, but is there any other equation that would
>be just as helpful.
This is by Napier's rules. Here is Napier's circle: c-c
A-c B-c
b a
where -c means the complement (or 90 degrees - (minus) the arclength measure).
A, B are angles, C is the right angle and a, b, c are the sides opposite A, B,
and C, respectively. There are two rules:
The sine of any unknown part is equal to the product of the cosines of the two known opposite parts. Or sin = cos * cos of the OPPOSITE parts.
The sine of any unknown part is equal to the product of the tangents of its two known adjacent parts. Or sin = tan * tan of the ADJACENT parts.
> > Steve Mather Chris Fearnley
Tempe’s Historic Buildings
This building is part
of a trend in banking after World War II to open banks close to customers
and to offer services like drive-
The geodesic panel
dome on the bank dates from 1962 and the credited architects Weaver and
Drover. According to Frank Henry, who worked for Weaver and Drover and who
briefly worked on this Valley National Bank building, the idea of using the
geodesic dome came from Valley National Bank. Not only because it was
stylish and futuristic and cool, but because it was an efficient means to
build a branch bank; create a free-
According to a June
20, 1962 VNB publicity release: The golden dome on the Valley National
Bank’s new Tempe Office rises three-
In erecting the dome, more than 100 pre-
The building was razed to make room for expansion of the ASU campus. They promised to save the dome, but the many other architectural features were destroyed.
OTHER EXAMPLES AND INTERIORS


Inside the bank at Tempe, AZ







A Natural Spaces geodesic dome home offers you a lifestyle that is at once comfortable, efficient and affordable while it is exciting, uplifting, inspiring and passionate.
Yes, passionate. Our domes offer gorgeous wood interiors. We take advantage of breath taking views through our large groupings of dome triangle windows. Dome homes with high, soaring 2 1/2 story ceilings in the living/dining rooms. Open, airy domes but with a cozy, safe, "snuggly" feeling at the same time.
We offer a unique, simple, strong dome connector kit that allows you to cut out your dome wood struts and triangle panels or, you can buy complete dome home building systems - just visit Natural Spaces Domes Building System. If you want to see what our dome kits cost, you can go to The Dome Store.
Natural Spaces Domes has been building "green" geodesic dome
homes since we started building domes in the 1970's.
Green Domes
Our dome homes have always been based on maximizing the energy
efficiency along with resource efficiency. Using our dome kit technology based
on 40 years of designing, building and refining dome homes, we have cut energy
costs by 50 to 75%. In some instances, we have
reduced the air conditioning costs to zero! Our dome homes provide energy
efficiency levels that other houses won't have to meet until 2025.
Real Time Energy Costs
Our geodesic dome home kits offer
components from sustainable sources and products that minimize toxins, creating
an interior living space that promotes the health of your family. We built our
first really healthy dome home in 1983 based on personal experiences from living
in a dome for 8 years.
Healthy Domes
In the early 1980's our dome houses
featured R-values of 60 to 70. In 1972, we were selling dome kits with systems
that included solar heating, solar hot water, wind power and methane gas
digesters. We learned how to create a dome home using 60% less building
materials than a standard, wasteful box house.
Natural
Spaces Dome Building System
Our dome home kits can be adapted to the many different climate zones all over the world. Our extensive dome web site shows you the versatility of our dome homes with lots of photos from the thousand plus domes with which we have been involved. International Domes
Learn how you can get additional savings by building before June 30, 2010. Tax Rebate
A Natural Spaces dome house arrives at your building site ready to be erected incredibly fast. Watch a short video of our dome home kit framework being erected in 4 hours. Dome Building
Find out how a few other geodesic dome kits compare in price to our dome kits. Comparing Domes
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Tessa Hill and Dennis Odin Johnson
Kim and Steve Long - Perry, Iowa
Joyce and Rich Peake - Arden Hills, Minnesota
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37955 Bridge Rd., North Branch, Minnesota 55056 MPLS/St. Paul Area: 651-674-4292 U.S. Toll-Free: 800-733-7107 International: 01-651-674-4292 Fax: 651-674-5005 Email: nsd@naturalspacesdomes.com Twitter: http://twitter.com/nsdomes |
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Affordable Passive Solar Homes
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Low-cost, compact designs (paperback) by Richard L Crowther. |
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Welcome to greenhomebuilding.com where you can find a wide range of information about sustainable architecture and natural building. As an example of natural building, the image at the upper left was taken during the construction of the earthbag house that has served as the home for greenhomebuilding.com and Kelly and Rosana Hart, your hosts.
In May of 2009, Kelly Hart was interviewed for nearly an hour by Veronica Entwistle for her "Paradigm Shifters" Radio Program. You can listen to selected portions of this interview, or the entire program, from this page.
Domes For Sale |
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A list of existing, pre-owned
domes brought to you by:
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Natural Spaces Domes is maintaining this list of domes for sale. Many of the domes are not a Natural Spaces Dome. We also want to point out that not all domes are built to the same standards. We know how our domes are built and the quality products that we use. Most of the domes on the list have not been inspected by us. Any home should be inspected before you purchase. Domes do sell. They sell just like conventional box houses. We use a similar real estate saying - "Location, location - and then selling price for the neighborhood". All those Home and Garden TV shows on how to sell your home apply to the dome. Unfinished houses take longer to sell. We will be happy to answer any question you have on domes. We've been designing and building domes since 1972. Click here to go to our very extensive web site on domes. We also offer renovation services on old domes, including re-roofing, skylight replacement, dome additions and the like. |
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Click on a State (or Country) Below to See Dome Listings in that State |
Last Updated: May 4th, 2010 |
United States and Canada |
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Other Countries |
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Phoenix, AZ
Sq.Ft.: N.A.
Lot: N.A.
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Emerald Hills / Woodside, CA
Price: $1,050,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,000
Lot: 1/3 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Lake Mathews (Perris), CA
Price: $499,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,500
Lot: 3.5 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here to visit web site |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Livermore, CA
Price: $999,000
Sq.Ft.: 3,427
Lot: 5.02 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here for a Virtual Tour External Link: Click herwe to visit the Realtors website |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Oakhurst, CA
Price: $150,000
Sq.Ft.: 1,400
Lot: 0.30 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here to visit website |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $859,000
Sq.Ft.: 1,695
Lot: 5+ Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $595,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,400
Lot: 4 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: www.almanorcoldwellbanker.com |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $629,000
Sq.Ft.: 4,557
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Click Here to View More Pictures Wonderful and inviting custom home in a small enclave located
within a 98 acre private preserve. Located 10 minutes from the
charming town of Lyons, Colorado and 20 minutes from Boulder.
The Little Thompson River runs through this scenic valley and
eagles nest nearby. The home is oriented south towards open
space for solar gain & privacy. Walls of windows offer fantastic
views of rock cliffs, wildlife and the stars at night. Great
hiking & bird watching. This is a very spacious home with
complete living on the main level including a large master
bedroom. The walk-out lower level has several additional
bedrooms and work spaces and a separate entrance. It is an ideal
arrangement for a home business, rental situation or in-law
suite. Current owners are health practitioners who enjoy the
benefits of a quiet retreat, easy access to town and great
spaces for living/work/play. This is a 1995 quality build of
connected domes and extended spaces. Enjoy the views from your
solarium/hot tub & large outdoor deck. All nine owners within
this enclave share ownership of the additional 98 acres. Each
home is custom built on about an acre. This is a great community
for an artist, health practitioner, musician, writer or outdoor
lover.
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $399,900
Sq.Ft.: 4,300
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Click Here to View More Pictures Stunning - One Of A Kind - Energy Efficient This Multi Level, 17 room home has it all! Custom built 4-7 br/ 4.5 bth pool home on 1.25 acres, corner lot, Approximately 4300+ sf Living area, volume ceiling, Lush Landscaping! * Additional 1.25 acre lot available which includes 1/1 apartment, 3 horse stall barn, and workshop |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Lakemont, GA
Price: $245,500
Sq.Ft.: 4,500
Lot: 4 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here to visit website |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Elizabeth, IL
Price: $274,900
Sq.Ft.: 3,040
Lot: 7.25 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures Property Features
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: St. Charles, IL
Price: $549,900
Sq.Ft.: N.A.
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Place: Rising Sun, IN
Price: N.A.
Sq.Ft.: 15,000
Lot: 185 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here for a Virtual Tour
Additional Dome Images
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Collins, IA
Sq.Ft.: 3,072
Lot: .69 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Wamego, KS
Price: $164,500
Sq.Ft.: 2,200
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Clinton, MD
Price: $497,000
Lot: 2.2199 Acre(s)
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External Link: click here for realtor info |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $395,000
Sq.Ft.: 4,000
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $419,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,693
Lot: 6.33 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Centerville, MN
Price: $285,900
Sq.Ft.: 3,505
Lot: .82 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $45,900
Sq.Ft.: N.A.
Lot: N.A.
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $349,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,700
Lot: 2.67 Acre(s)
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2700sf on 3 floors, 36' diameter Natural Spaces dome home with 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms. 2.67 acre lot. Washington County - Stillwater school district. Hot tub, deck attached garaged with another detached garage, asphalt driveway. Very open plan. |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Lindstrom, MN
Price: $199,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,450
Lot: 5.8 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $245,000
Sq.Ft.: 1,754
Lot: 1 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $386,000
Sq.Ft.: 3,900
Lot: 1 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $89,900
Sq.Ft.: 1,150
Lot: 33.78 Acre(s)
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External Link: Click here for picture |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $459,900
Sq.Ft.: 4,500
Lot: 9.58 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Realtor Website |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Sunrise Beach, MO
Price: $299,900
Sq.Ft.: 4,500
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here for a Virtual Tour MLS# 3059058
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $289,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,200
Lot: 5 Acre(s)
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External Link: Click here to view Slideshow |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Taos, NM
Price: $449,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,000
Lot: N.A.
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Realtor Web Site |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Scarsdale, NY
Price: $690,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,304
Lot: 1.95 Acre(s)
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External Link: Realtor Link |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Hampstead, NC
Sq.Ft.: 685
Lot: N.A.
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: N.A.
Sq.Ft.: 5,000
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Medina, OH. 49' diam dome & 29' diam dome garage with loft. 5000 sq. ft. total on 7 acres of wooded land. Built in 1993 by Natural Spaces Domes. |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Valley City, OH
Price: $149,900
Sq.Ft.: 2,248
Lot: 0.580 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here to visit website |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $359,999
Sq.Ft.: 3,300
Lot: 5 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Bonanza, OR
Price: $255,000
Sq.Ft.: 1,100
Lot: 10 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Bucks County, PA
Price: $395,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,425
Lot: 1.58 Acre(s)
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Beautiful Dome Home in desired Bucks County, PA (North of
Philadelphia). |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Denver, PA
Price: $400,000
Sq.Ft.: 3,800
Lot: 1.25 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here to visit the realtor's web site |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Ottsville, PA
Lot: 1.63 Acre(s)
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External Link: Click here for dome web site |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Quakertown, PA
Price: $775,000
Sq.Ft.: N.A.
Lot: 11+ Acre(s)
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Place: West Grove, PA
Price: $414,900
Sq.Ft.: 5,200
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Seymour, TN
Price: $350,000
Sq.Ft.: 1,800
Lot: 18.6 Acre(s)
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Place: Gladewater, TX
Price: $149,900
Sq.Ft.: 2,974
Lot: 2.7 Acre(s)
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Place: Corpus Christi, TX
Price: $364,900
Sq.Ft.: 2,655
Lot: N.A.
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Click here to visit website |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: East Texas, TX
Sq.Ft.: 4,778
Lot: 40 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Fort Worth, TX
Sq.Ft.: 3,019
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External Link: Dome Web Site |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Keller, TX
Price: $249,900
Sq.Ft.: 3,464
Lot: .83 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Dome Home Web Site |
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Place: Leander, TX
Price: $382,499
Sq.Ft.: 3,000
Lot: 2.34 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $899,000
Sq.Ft.: 4,000
Lot: 1 Acre(s)
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Place: Fancy Gap, VA
Price: $126,000
Sq.Ft.: 1,300
Lot: 5.2 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $694,000
Lot: 3+ Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Additional Pictures and Slideshow |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $450,000
Lot: .7 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $574,999
Sq.Ft.: N.A.
Lot: 10+ Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Maple Valley, WA
Price: $499,500
Sq.Ft.: 2,190
Lot: .39 Acre(s)
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Price: $380,000
Sq.Ft.: 2,960
Lot: 1.09 Acre(s)
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Click Here to View More Pictures External Link: Photo Gallery External Link: Real Estate Agent Website |
| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Price: $499,000
Lot: 40 Acre(s)
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Racine, WI
Price: $189,000
Sq.Ft.: 1,500
Lot: N.A.
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Australia, AU
Lot: N.A.
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| Dome For Sale - Click on boxes for more information |
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Place: Compton, AU
Price: $385,000
Sq.Ft.: N.A.
Lot: 2.5 Acre(s)
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Contact Us |
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MPLS/St. Paul Area: 651-674-4292 Toll-Free: 1-800-733-7107 Fax: 651-674-5005 Email: nsd@naturalspacesdomes.com |
Office Hours: 8:30 -
5:00 p.m. Monday - Friday
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Copyright ©2010 Natural Spaces Domes
All pictures, plans, data, and information contained in these web pages are copyrighted by Natural Spaces Domes, Inc. 1978 - 2010. Absolutely no use or copying by any means is permitted without the express written permission from Natural Spaces Domes, Inc. After permission, any copying by any means must include a copyright notice citing Natural Spaces Domes, Inc. as the original copyright holder.
OTHER LINKS
EARTH MOUNTAIN VIEW
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INVESTOR(S) - PATRON(S) PARTICIPANTS If you have any questions about any of the
information on this page, you can contact Dee Finney
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